Furthermore, caffeine increases renin excretion, resulting in initial hypertension, sodium retention, and water retention. Caffeine also sensitizes dopamine receptors and is a competitive antagonist of benzodiazepine receptors. Caffeine can stimulate the release of catecholamines, especially noradrenaline, with beta 1 agonist activity resulting in tachycardia and beta 2 agonist activity resulting in peripheral vasodilation and hypotension. Caffeine also inhibits phosphodiesterase, resulting in increased intracellular cyclic AMP and intracellular calcium levels. Caffeine is a natural alkaloid methylxanthine that acts as a nonselective antagonist of adenosine receptors, with A1 antagonism triggering seizures and A2 antagonism triggering cerebral and coronary vasoconstriction. Pathophysiologyĭue to caffeine’s ability to affect a variety of different receptors, the side effects of caffeine overdose can be profound. There have been several caffeine-related deaths reported in case studies. Of those cases, 846 required treatment at a medical facility, and there were 16 major outcomes. ![]() In 2016 there were 3702 caffeine-related exposures reported to Poison Control Centers in the United States, with an equal ratio of pediatric and adult cases. Some examples include health food products, diet aids, decongestants, bronchodilators, or stay-awake pills. Over-the-counter drugs containing large doses of caffeine purchased for their stimulant properties can also complicate caffeine exposure. Toxic ingestions can be seen after ingestion of energy drinks but are rarely seen from ingestion of coffee or tea secondary to the excessive amount of fluid that would have to be ingested to reach toxic levels. Conversely, caffeine toxicity in children is typically caused by accidental ingestion. Lethal overdoses of caffeine in adults are rare but, when encountered, are commonly caused by an intentional overdose of medications. Lethal doses of caffeine have been reported at blood concentrations of 80 to 100 micrograms/ml, which can be reached with ingestion of approximately 10 grams or greater. Caffeine can be found in many over-the-counter preparations (energy drinks, appetite suppressants, stimulants, exercise supplements, decongestants, bronchodilators, and mental stimulants), increasing the risk of toxicity with inadvertent overuse or severe toxicity with an intentional overdose. As many as 85% of Americans consume caffeine daily, with the average cup of coffee containing anywhere from 40 to 150 mg of caffeine. Outline the interprofessional team strategies for improving care coordination and communication to advance the treatment of caffeine toxicity and improve outcomes.Ĭaffeine is a stimulant that has been utilized globally for centuries, secondary to its ability to improve mental alertness.Summarize the treatment and management options available for caffeine toxicity.Review the signs and symptoms of caffeine toxicity.Identify the pathophysiology of caffeine toxicity. ![]() This activity reviews the pathophysiology of caffeine toxicity and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in its management. As many as 85% of Americans consume caffeine daily with the average cup of coffee containing anywhere from 40 to 150 mg of caffeine. Caffeine is a stimulant that has been utilized globally for centuries secondary to its ability to improve mental alertness.
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