Geoffrey Gaimar, in his Old French chronicle Estoire des Engleis (1134–1140), mentions Arthur and his sword: "this Constantine was the nephew of Arthur, who had the sword Caliburc" (" Cil Costentin, li niès Artur, Ki out l'espée Caliburc"). Most Celticists consider Geoffrey's Caliburnus to be derivative of a lost Old Welsh text in which bwlch (Old Welsh bulc) had not yet been lenited to fwlch ( Middle Welsh vwlch or uwlch). ![]() 1136), Latinised the name of Arthur's sword as Caliburnus (possibly influenced by the Medieval Latin spelling calibs of Classical Latin chalybs, from the Greek chályps ( χάλυψ), ' steel '). Welsh author Geoffrey of Monmouth, in his Latin chronicle Historia Regum Britanniae ( The History of the Kings of Britain, c. It is unclear if the name was borrowed from the Welsh (if so, it must have been an early loan, for phonological reasons), or represents an early, pan-Brittonic traditional name for Arthur's sword. In the late 15th to early 16th-century Middle Cornish play Beunans Ke, Arthur's sword is called Calesvol, which is etymologically an exact Middle Cornish cognate of the Welsh Caledfwlch. They suggest instead that both names "may have similarly arisen at a very early date as generic names for a sword". It is often considered to be related to the phonetically similar Caladbolg, a sword borne by several figures from Irish mythology, although a borrowing of Caledfwlch from the Irish Caladbolg has been considered unlikely by Rachel Bromwich and D. The name was later used in Welsh adaptations of foreign material such as the Bruts (chronicles), which were based on Geoffrey of Monmouth. Caledfwlch appears in several early Welsh works, including the prose tale Culhwch and Olwen ( c. The name Excalibur ultimately derives from the Welsh Caledfwlch ( Breton Kaledvoulc'h, Middle Cornish Calesvol), which is a compound of caled, ' hard ', and bwlch, ' breach, cleft '. Several similar swords and other weapons also appear within Arthurian texts, as well as in other legends. Traditionally, the sword in the stone that is the proof of Arthur's lineage and the sword given him by a Lady of the Lake are not the same weapon, even as in some versions of the legend both of them share the name of Excalibur. ![]() ![]() Proof of Arthur's divine right, magic weapon, ritual itemĮxcalibur ( / ɛ k ˈ s k æ l ɪ b ər/) is the mythical sword of King Arthur that may be attributed with magical powers or associated with the rightful sovereignty of Britain. King Arthur, Merlin, Lady of the Lake, Morgan, Bedivere, Griflet, Gawain Excalibur the Sword by Howard Pyle (1903)
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